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Dual-PAM/F: Dual-PAM-100的光纖版，適合野外使用
Schreiber教授因發明PAM系列調制葉綠素熒光儀而獲得首屆國際光合作用協會（ISPR）創新獎2006年正式商業化的雙通道PAM-100熒光儀——DUAL-PAM-100，是大名鼎鼎的PAM-101/102/103的升級版，是全球**可同步測量P700（PS I活性）和葉綠素熒光（PS II活性）的儀器，短短兩年多時間里在全世界科研界得到廣泛應用，發表了數十篇高水平科研論文。
受光電技術限制，DUAL-PAM-100的測量頭DUAL-DB（或DUAL-DR）和DUAL-E都是外置的，儀器不方便在野外使用。2009年，Schreiber教授及其團隊經過兩年的不斷研發、改進，終于做到在不損失信號的基礎上將所有的激發光源和檢測器內置到主機中，推出了光纖版雙通道PAM-100熒光儀——DUAL-PAM/F。
DUAL-PAM/F采用光纖做為激發光、葉綠素熒光和P700信號的傳導體，方便在野外現場測量P700和葉綠素熒光，朝著P700的現場測量邁出了一大步！
主要功能* 野外或室內單獨或同步測量葉綠素熒光和P700
* 兩個光系統的誘導動力學曲線（包括快相和慢相）
* 兩個光系統的快速光曲線和光響應曲線
* 淬滅分析、暗馳豫分析
* 典型的P700曲線測量
* 通過葉綠素熒光和P700的同步測量獲知兩個光系統的電子傳遞動力學、電子載體庫的大小、圍繞PSI 的環式電子傳遞動力學等
應用領域
相當于兩臺PAM-101/ 102/ 103的功能，可同時測量光系統II活性（調制葉綠素熒光）和光系統I活性（P700吸收變化）可用于光合作用機理研究、植物生理學、農學、林學、園藝學等領域，特別適合于野外現場測量。
測量參數
PS II參數：Fo， Fm， F， Fm’， Fv/Fm， Y(II)=△F/Fm’， Fo’， qP， qL， qN， NPQ， Y(NPQ)， Y(NO)和ETR(II)等
PS I參數：P700， Pm， Pm’， P700red， Y(I)， Y(ND)， Y(NA)和ETR(I)等
主要技術參數
* P700雙波長測量光：LED，830 nm和870 nm
* PSII熒光測量光：LED，460 nm（DUAL-DB）或620 nm（DUAL-DR）
* 紅色光化光：LED陣列，635 nm；**連續光強2000 μmol m-2 s-1
* 藍色光化光：LED，460 nm；**連續光強700 μmol m-2 s-1
* 單周轉飽和閃光（ST）：200000 μmol m-2 s-1，5～50 μs可調
* 多周轉飽和閃光（MT）：20000 μmol m-2 s-1，1～1000 ms可調
部分利用DUAL-PAM發表的文獻
1.Coopman RE， Fuentes-Neira FP， Briceño VF， Cabrera HM， Corcuera LJ， Bravo LA: Light energy partitioning in photosystems I and II during development of Nothofagus nitida growing under different light environments in the Chilean evergreen temperate rain forest Trees - Structure and Function2010， 24(2):247-259.[DUAL-PAM-100]
2.Huang W， Zhang S-B， Cao K-F: The different effects of chilling stress under moderate light intensity on photosystem II compared with photosystem I and subsequent recovery in tropical tree species. Photosynthesis Research2010， 103(3):175-182.[DUAL-PAM-100]
3.Ma W， Mi H， Shen Y: Influence of the redox state of QA on phycobilisome mobility in the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. strain PCC 6803 Journal of Luminescence2010:in press.[DUAL-PAM-100]
4.Pribil M， Pesaresi P， Hertle A， Barbato R， Leister D: Role of Plastid Protein Phosphatase TAP38 in LHCII Dephosphorylation and Thylakoid Electron Flow. PLoS Biol2010， 8(1):e1000288.[DUAL-PAM-100]
5.Saldaña AO， Hernández C， Coopman RE， Bravo LA， Corcuera LJ: Differences in light usage among three fern species of genus Blechnum of contrasting ecological breadth in a forest light gradient Ecological Research2010， 25(2):273-281.[DUAL-PAM-100]
6.Yin L， Lundin B， Bertrand M， Nurmi M， Solymosi K， Kangasjarvi S， Aro E-M， Schoefs B， Spetea C: Role of Thylakoid ATP/ADP Carrier in Photoinhibition and Photoprotection of Photosystem II in Arabidopsis Plant Physiology2010:in press.[DUAL-PAM-100， TEACHING-PAM]
7.程建峰， 陳根云， 沈允鋼: 神農架林區不同類型植物的葉片特征與光合性能研究. 生態環境學報2010， 19(1):165-171.[DUAL-PAM-100， IMAGING-PAM]
8.Bernard DG， Cheng Y， Zhao Y， Balk J: An allelic mutant series of ATM3 reveals its key role in the biogenesis of cytosolic iron-sulfur proteins in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiology2009， 151:590-602.[DUAL-PAM-100]
9.Bernát G， Waschewski N， Rögner M: Towards efficient hydrogen production: the impact of antenna size and external factors on electron transport dynamics in Synechocystis PCC 6803 Photosynthesis Research2009， 99(3):205-216.[DUAL-PAM-100]
10.Chen J， Xia X， Yin W: Expression profiling and functional characterization of a DREB2-type gene from Populus euphratica Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications2009， 378(3):483-487.[DUAL-PAM-100]
11.Chiu Y-F， Lin W-C， Wu C-M， Chen Y-H， Hung C-H， Ke S-C， Chu H-A: Identification and characterization of a cytochrome b559 Synechocystis 6803 mutant spontaneously generated from DCMU-inhibited photoheterotrophical growth conditions Biochimica et Biophysica Acta2009， 1787(10):1179-1188.[DUAL-PAM-100]
12.Damkjær JT， Kereïche S， Johnson MP， Kovacs L， Kiss AZ， Boekema EJ， Ruban AV， Horton P， Jansson S: The Photosystem II Light-Harvesting Protein Lhcb3 Affects the Macrostructure of Photosystem II and the Rate of State Transitions in Arabidopsis. The Plant Cell2009， 21:3245-3256.[DUAL-PAM-100， PAM-100]
13.Grouneva I， Jakob T， Wilhelm C， Goss R: The regulation of xanthophyll cycle activity and of non-photochemical fluorescence quenching by two alternative electron flows in the diatoms Phaeodactylum tricornutum and Cyclotella meneghiniana Biochimica et Biophysica Acta2009， 1787(7):929-938.[DUAL-PAM-100]
14.Hölzl G， Witt S， Gaude N， Melzer M， Schöttler MA， Dörmann P: The Role of Diglycosyl Lipids in Photosynthesis and Membrane Lipid Homeostasis inArabidopsis. Plant Physiology2009， 150:1147-1159.[DUAL-PAM-100， KLAS-100]
15.Johnson MP， Pérez-Bueno ML， Zia A， Horton P， Ruban AV: The Zeaxanthin-Independent and Zeaxanthin-Dependent qE Components of Nonphotochemical Quenching Involve Common Conformational Changes within the Photosystem II Antenna inArabidopsis. Plant Physiology2009， 149:1061-1075.[DUAL-PAM-100]
16.Johnson MP， Ruban AV: Photoprotective energy dissipation in higher plants involves alteration of the excited state energy of the emitting chlorophyll(s) in the light harvesting antenna II (LHCII). Journal of Biological Chemistry2009， 284:23592-23601.[DUAL-PAM-100]
17.Kromkamp JC， Beardall J， Sukenik A， Kopeck J， Masojidek J， van Bergeijk S， Gabai S， Shaham E， Yamshon A: Short-term variations in photosynthetic parameters of Nannochloropsis cultures grown in two types of outdoor mass cultivation systems. Aquatic Microbial Ecology2009， 56:309-322.[DUAL-PAM， Flow-Through WATER-PAM]
18.Lin A-P， Wang G-C， Yang F， Pan G-H: Photosynthetic parameters of sexually different parts of Porphyra katadai var. hemiphylla (Bangiales， Rhodophyta) during dehydration and re-hydration Planta2009， 229(4):803-810.[DUAL-PAM-100]
19.Lípová L， Krchňák P， Komenda J， Ilík P: Heat-induced disassembly and degradation of chlorophyll-containing protein complexes in vivo Biochimica et Biophysica Acta2009， 1797(1):63-70.[DUAL-PAM-100]
20.Perreault F， Ali NA， Saison C， Popovic R， Juneau P: Dichromate effect on energy dissipation of photosystem II and photosystem I in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology2009， 96(1):24-29.[DUAL-PAM-100]
21.Schultze M， Forberich B， Rexroth S， Dyczmons NG， Roegner M， Appel J: Localization of cytochrome b6f complexes implies an incomplete respiratory chain in cytoplasmic membranes of the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 Biochimica et Biophysica Acta2009， 1787(12):1479-1485.[DUAL-PAM-100]
22.Sukenik A， Beardall J， Kromkamp JC， Kopeck J， Masojídek J， van Bergeijk S， Gabai S， Shaham E， Yamshon A: Photosynthetic performance of outdoor Nannochloropsis mass cultures under a widerange of environmental conditions. Aquatic Microbial Ecology2009， 56(2-3):297-308.[DUAL-PAM-100， FLOW THROUGH WATER-PAM]
23.Tillich M， Hardel SL， Kupsch C， Armbruster U， Delannoy E， Gualberto JM， Lehwark P， Leister D， Small ID， Schmitz-Linneweber C: Chloroplast ribonucleoprotein CP31A is required for editing and stability of specific chloroplast mRNAs. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA2009， 106(14):6002-6007.[DUAL-PAM-100]
24.Tóth SZ， Puthur JT， Nagy V， Garab G: Experimental Evidence for Ascorbate-Dependent Electron Transport in Leaves with Inactive Oxygen-Evolving Complexes. Plant Physiology2009， 149:1568-1578.[PAM-100， DUAL-PAM-100]
25.Tsunoyama Y， Bernát G， Dyczmons NG， Schneider D， Rögner M: Multiple rieske proteins enable short- and long-term light adaptation of Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. Journal of Biological Chemistry2009， 284:27875-27883.[DUAL-PAM-100]
26.薛占軍， 高志奎， 王梅， 鐘傳飛， 高榮孚: 茄子（Solanum MelongenaL.）葉上表皮紫色花色素苷對光合機構的保護效應. 生態學報2009， 29(3):1374-1381.[DUAL-PAM-100]
27.Aronsson H， Schöttler MA， Kelly AA， Sundqvist C， Dörmann P， Karim S， Jarvis P: Monogalactosyldiacylglycerol deficiency in Arabidopsis affects pigment composition in the prolamellar body and impairs thylakoid membrane energization and photoprotection in leaves. Plant Physiology2008， 148:580-592.[DUAL-PAM-100， KLAS-100]
28.Bailey S， Melis A， Mackey KRM， Cardol P， Finazzi G， Dijken Gv， Berge GM， Arrigo K， Shrager J， Grossman A: Alternative photosynthetic electron flow to oxygen in marine Synechococcus Biochimica et Biophysica Acta2008， 1777(3):269-276.[DUAL-PAM-100， WATER-PAM]
29.Ehlert B， Schöttler MA， Tischendorf G， Ludwig-Müller J， Bock R: The paramutated SULFUREA locus of tomato is involved in auxin biosynthesis. Journal of Experimental Biology2008， 59(13):3635-3647.[DUAL-PAM-100]
30.François P， Nadia AA， Cyril S， Philippe J， Radovan P: Alteration of Energy Dissipation by Dichromate in Xanthophyll Deficient Mutants of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii In: Photosynthesis Energy from the Sun: 14th International Congress on Photosynthesis. Edited by Allen JF， Gantt E， Golbeck JH， Osmond B: Springer; 2008: 1535-1538.
31.Ma W， Chen L， Wei L， Wang Q: Excitation energy transfer between photosystems in the cyanobacterium Synechocystis 6803 Journal of Luminescence2008， 128(3):546-548.[DUAL-PAM-100]
32.Ma W， Wei L， Wang Q: The response of electron transport mediated by active NADPH dehydrogenase complexes to heat stress in the cyanobacterium Synechocystis 6803 Science in China2008， 51(12):1082-1087.[dual-pam-100]
33.Pfundel E， Klughammer C， Schreiber U: Monitoring the effects of reduced PS II antenna size on quantum yields of photosystems I and II using the Dual-PAM-100 measuring system. PAM Application Notes2008， 1:21-24.[DUAL-PAM-100]
34.Rogalski M， Schöttler MA， Thiele W， Schulze WX， Bock R: Rpl33， a nonessential plastid-encoded ribosomal protein in tobacco， is required under cold stress conditions. The Plant Cell2008， 20:2221-2237.[DUAL-PAM-100]
35.Schreiber U， Klughammer C: New accessory for the Dual-PAM-100: the P525/535 module and examples of its application. PAM Application Notes2008， 1:1-10.[DUAL-PAM-100]
36.Schreiber U， Klughammer C: Saturation Pulse method for assessment of energy conversion in PS I. PAM Application Notes2008， 1:11-14.[DUAL-PAM-100]
37.Schreiber U， Klughammer C: Non-photochemical fluorescence quenching and quantum yields in PS I and PS II: Analysis of heat-induced limitations using Maxi-Imaging-PAM and Dual-PAM-100. PAM Application Notes2008， 1:15-18.[MAXI-IMAGING-PAM， DUAL-PAM-100]
38.Xu M， Bernát G， Singh A， Mi H， Rögner M， Pakrasi HB， Ogawa T: Properties of mutants of Synechocystis sp. strain PCC 6803 lacking inorganic carbon sequestration systems. Plant Cell and Physiology2008， 49(11):1672-1677.[DUAL-PAM-100]
39.Schöttler M， Flügel C， Thiele W， Stegemann S， Bock R: The plastome-encoded PsaJ subunit is required for efficient Photosystem I excitation， but not for plastocyanin oxidation in tobacco. Biochemical Journal2007， 403(2):251-260.[DUAL-PAM-100]
40.Schöttler MA， Flügel C， Thiele W， Bock R: Knock-out of the plastid-encoded PetL subunit results in reduced stability and accelerated leaf age-dependent loss of the cytochrome b6f complex. Journal of Biological Chemistry2007， 282(2):976-985.[PAM-100， DUAL-PAM-100]
41.Volkmer T， Schneider D， Bernát G， Kirchhoff H， Wenk S-O， Rögner M: Ssr2998 of Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 is involved in regulation of cyanobacterial electron transport and associated with the cytochrome b6f complex. Journal of Biological Chemistry2007， 282(6):3730-3737.[DUAL-PAM-100]
42.Kovács L， Damkjær J， Kereïche S， Ilioaia C， Ruban AV， Boekema EJ， Jansson S， Horton P: Lack of the Light-Harvesting Complex CP24 Affects the Structure and Function of the Grana Membranes of Higher Plant Chloroplasts. The Plant Cell2006， 18:3106-3120.[PAM-100， DUAL-PAM-100]
43.Lohmann A， Schottler MA， Brehelin C， Kessler F， Bock R， Cahoon EB， Dormann P: Deficiency in phylloquinone (Vitamin K1) methylation affects prenyl quinone distribution， photosystem I abundance， and anthocyanin accumulation in the Arabidopsis AtmenG mutant. Journal of Biological Chemistry2006， 281(52):40461-40472.[DUAL-PAM-100， IMAGING-PAM]
