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PHYTO‑PAM 全球**款可自動對浮游植物分類的熒光儀
有害藻華(HABs)監測/預警的強大工具
主要功能
1)對自然水體中的藍藻、綠藻和硅/甲藻自動分類(定性)
2)自動測量水樣中藍藻、綠藻和硅/甲藻的葉綠素a含量(定量)和總葉綠素a含量
3)一杯自然水樣,同時獲得藍藻、綠藻和硅/甲藻的光合活性:
* 光合效率和光合速率(相對電子傳遞速率)
* 快速光曲線并進行擬合
* 藻類的潛在**光合效率(“生長潛能”)
* 藻類的光保護能力
* 藻類耐受強光的能力
4)用戶可做自己的參考光譜
應用領域
主要用于水生生物學、水域生態學、海洋學、湖沼學、水質預警、微藻生理學、微藻抗逆性等領域,對于了解自然水體中藻類種群的動態變化、水華預警、野外水體中光合作用的時空變化、校正初級生產力的計算等有較大幫助。
特別適于浮游植物動力學研究和有害藻華(HABs)的早期預警。
測量參數
Fo, Fm, F, Fm', Fv/Fm, Y(II)=ΔF/Fm', ETR, a, Ik, Pm, PAR、藍藻Chla含量、綠藻Chla含量、硅/甲藻Chla含量、總Chla含量等
特點
1) 全世界**臺可對浮游植物自動分類的調制葉綠素熒光儀
2) 4波長光源:470、520、645和665 nm
3) 對藍藻、綠藻和硅/甲藻進行分類
4) 可選配室內系統(I)、野外系統(II)和測附著藻類/大型藻類的系統(III)
5) 靈敏度高,檢測限為0.1 μg L-1 Chl
6) 專業PhytoWin操作軟件,數據收集、分析和存貯功能強大
7) 用戶可利用培養的微藻做參考光譜,非“黑匣子”
8) 可在野外測量后根據水體藻類組成利用優勢種(一種或多種)的參考光譜校對實驗結果
利用PHYTO-PAM進行水華預警的原理
藻類的生長靠光合作用,藻華的爆發是在特定的環境條件下(富營養、高光、高溫)由藻類短期快速暴增造成的,這其間藻類必須具備極強的光合作用才能快速生長。監測葉綠素a含量可以了解目前水體中的藻類生物量,但這只代表歷史(如果營養鹽很低,即使當前藻類生物量高,也不具備發生藻華的可能);而監測藻類的光合作用活性可以了解藻類的“生長潛能”,結合其它環境條件可以預測未來(富營養條件且高光高溫下,即使當前藻類生物量不高,但只要光合作用活性強,就具有極大的發生藻華的可能)。
由于PHYTO-PAM可以測量自然水樣中藍藻、綠藻和硅/甲藻各自的光合作用,就可以對藻華發生時不同藻類類群進行分析。利用PHYTO-PAM測量不同藻類葉綠素a含量和光合作用活性的功能,可以長期監測自然水體中浮游植物種群生物量的動力學變化和不同類群光合作用潛力的變化趨勢,這對于藻華的預警具有重要參考價值。
推薦閱讀:有害藻華(HABs)監測/預警的新解決方案
PHYTO-PAM*常用的光合作用參數
Fv/Fm,浮游植物的潛在**光合效率(“生長潛能”)
Y,給定光強下浮游植物的實際光合效率
NPQ,浮游植物將過剩光能耗散為熱的能力,即光保護能力
ETR,給定光強下浮游植物的實際光合速率
ETRmax,浮游植物的潛在**光合速率
a,浮游植物對光強的利用能力
Ik,浮游植物耐受強光的能力
快速光曲線,結合水體光場可用于計算水體初級生產力
利用PHYTO-PAM對水體長期監測的方法
設計為大時間尺度,采樣頻率為每月一次,頻率越高越好。采樣時可設計多個樣點,每個樣點都分層采樣測量。這樣就可測量藍藻Chla、綠藻Chla、硅/甲藻Chla、總Chla、Fv/Fm、Ik、NPQ等的時間和空間動態變化,獲知三大類群的浮游植物生物量、“生長潛能”、耐受強光的能力、光保護能力等的時空動態變化,提前預判其變化趨勢,結合其它水質氣象指標,進行早期的藻華預警。
應用實例一:太湖藍藻水華成因分析
2007年,太湖發生了嚴重的藍藻水華,在國內外引起廣泛關注。藍藻水華爆發的一個重要原因是周邊地區往太湖中排污過多,造成湖泊嚴重富營養化,在適宜的光照和溫度條件下藻類瘋長形成水華。但是太湖中的藻類不僅僅包括藍藻,也有綠藻、硅藻、甲藻等,為什么總是爆發藍藻水華,其它藻并不形成水華呢?中國科學院南京地理與湖泊研究所湖泊與環境國家重點實驗室科研人員利用可對自然水體中的藻類定性、定量并測量光合作用活性的浮游植物熒光儀PHYTO-PAM,探討了藍藻在太湖中爆發水華的原因。主要研究結果如下:光作為藻類生長的重要能量來源,浮游藻類光利用效率的不同對水體中浮游藻類初級生產力、群落組成以及種群演替具有重要影響。本研究發現藍藻、綠藻、硅/甲藻三種具有不同的對光照和垂直混合的響應策略,藍藻的強光耐受能力以及對過剩光能的耗散能力均超過其他兩種藻;同時藍藻主要聚集在表層到0.3 m的深度,而在此深度藻類具有更高的生長速率,綠藻和硅/甲藻則由于垂直混合和自身調節等作用的作用下,不具備藍藻這一優勢,這可能是富營養化水體中藍藻占據優勢的原因之一。(Zhang M, Kong FX, Wu X, Xing P. Different photochemical responses of phytoplankters from the large shallow Taihu Lake of subtropical China in relation to light and mixing.Hydrobiologia 2008, 603:267-278.)
應用實例二:微囊藻低溫弱光環境下過冬機理
經常發生水華的微囊藻在冬天會沉降到底泥中進行越冬。底泥屬于低溫弱光環境,在這么苛刻的環境下微囊藻是怎么越冬的,目前了解的不多。中國科學院水生生物研究所淡水生態與生物技術國家重點實驗室科研人員利用人工培養的單細胞銅綠微囊藻、群體銅綠微囊藻和斯尾柵藻進行了低溫弱光環境下的耐受力和復壯實驗,其中光合作用活性的測量利用浮游植物熒光儀PHYTO-PAM進行。結果發現經過30天的低溫弱光環境處理后,柵藻的光合活力受到顯著抑制,而微囊藻僅受到輕微影響,且群體微囊藻細胞比單細胞微囊藻的耐受力更強。復壯培養后,柵藻的回復速度和生長潛力明顯低于微囊藻。這對于分析微囊藻的越冬機理和水華機理具有重要參考意義。(Wu Z, Song L, Li R. Different tolerances and responses to low temperature and darkness between waterbloom forming cyanobacterium Microcystis and a green alga Scenedesmus Hydrobiologia 2008, 596:47-55.)
選購指南
● 基礎配置 ○ 可選配置 | 系統I (實驗室版) | 系統II (野外版) | 系統III (光纖版) |
主機PHYTO-C | ● | ● | ● |
測量光LED陣列PHYTO-ML | ● | ||
光化光LED陣列PHYTO-AL | ● | ||
光電倍增管PM-101P | ● | ||
光學單元ED-101US/MP | ● | ||
工作臺ST-101 | ● | ||
激發-檢測單元PHYTO-ED | ● | ||
光纖型激發-檢測單元PHYTO-EDF | ● | ||
微型磁力攪拌器PHYTO-MS | ○ | ||
球狀微型光量子探頭US-SQS | ○ | ○ | ○ |
溫度控制器US-T | ○ | ||
攪拌器WATER-S | ○ |
主要技術參數
測量光:波長470、520、645和665 nm的測量光LED。
光化光:波長655 nm的LED;光化光強度0~2000 μmol m-2 s-1 PAR(系統I和II)或0~1300 μmol m-2 s-1 PAR(系統III)。
飽和脈沖:波長655 nm的LED;飽和脈沖強度4000 μmol m-2 s-1 PAR(系統I和II)或2600 μmol m-2 s-1 PAR(系統III)。
信號檢測:光電倍增管,帶短波截止濾光片(λ>710 nm);選擇性鎖相放大器。
測量參數:Ft, F(或Fo), Fm(或 Fm’), ΔF, Y(ΔF/ Fm’或Fv/Fm), ETR和Chl濃度等。
環境溫度:-5~+45 ℃,已在極地成功應用。
部分文獻
1.Guasch H, Atli G, Bonet B, Corcoll N, Leira M, Serra A: Discharge and the response of biofilms to metal exposure in Mediterranean rivers. Hydrobiologia2010:in press.[PHYTO-PAM]
2.Liu Y, Wang W, Zhang M, Xing P, Yang Z: PSII-efficiency, polysaccharide production, and phenotypic plasticity of Scenedesmus obliquus in response to changes in metabolic carbon flux Biochemical Systematics and Ecology2010:in press.[PHYTO-PAM]
3.Pesce S, Margoum C, Montuelle B: In situ relationships between spatio-temporal variations in diuron concentrations and phototrophic biofilm tolerance in a contaminated river. Water Research2010, 44:1941-1949.[PHYTO-PAM]
4.Soares MCS, Lürling M, Huszar VLM: Responses of the rotifer Brachionus calyciflorus to two tropical toxic cyanobacteria (Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii and Microcystis aeruginosa) in pure and mixed diets with green algae. Journal of Plankton Research2010:in press.[PHYTO-PAM]
5.van Ruth PD, Ganf GG, Ward iM: The influence of mixing on primary productivity: A unique application of classical critical depth theory Progress In Oceanography2010:in press.[PHYTO-PAM]
6.Wang H, Liu L, Liu ZP, Qin S: Investigations of the characteristics and mode of action of an algalytic bacterium isolated from Tai Lake. Journal of Applied Phycology2010:in press.[PHYTO-PAM]
7.Zhu J, Liu B, Wang J, Gao Y, Wu Z: Study on the mechanism of allelopathic influence on cyanobacteria and chlorophytes by submerged macrophyte (Myriophyllum spicatum) and its secretion Aquatic Toxicology2010:in press.[PHYTO-PAM]
8.任秋芳, 阿依巧麗, 智朱, 張義方, 波曾: 三峽庫區季節及養分對銅綠微囊藻生長的影響——模擬烏江回水區水環境的研究. 重慶師范大學學報2010, 27(1):1-4.[PHYTO-PAM]
9.Aikawa S, Hattori H, Gomi Y, Watanabe K, Kudoh S, Kashino Y, Satoh K: Diel tuning of photosynthetic systems in ice algae at Saroma-ko Lagoon, Hokkaido, Japan Polar Science2009, 3(1):57-72.[PHYTO-PAM]
10.Dimier C, Brunet C, Geider R, Raven J: Growth and photoregulation dynamics of the picoeukaryote Pelagomonas calceolata in fluctuating light Limnology and Oceanography2009, 59(3):823-836.[PHYTO-PAM]
11.Franklin D, Choi CJ, Hughes C, Malin G, Berges JA: Effect of dead phytoplankton cells on the apparent efficiency of photosystem II. Marine Ecology Progress Series2009, 382:35-40.[PHYTO-PAM]
12.Hall SR, Becker CR, Simonis JL, Duffy MA, Tessier AJ, Cáceres CE: Friendly competition: evidence for a dilution effect among competitors in a planktonic host–parasite system. Ecology2009, 90(6):1441-1448.[PHYTO-PAM]
13.Izagirre O, Serra A, Guasch H, Elosegi A: Effects of sediment deposition on periphytic biomass, photosynthetic activity and algal community structure. Science of The Total Environment2009, 407(21):5694-5700.[PHYTO-PAM]
14.Lee Y, Kang C, Kwon K, Kim S: Organic and inorganic matter increase related to eutrophication in Gamak Bay, South Korea Journal of Environmental Biology 2009, 30(3):373-380.[PHYTO-PAM]
15.Lee YS, Kim JD, Lim WA, Lee SG: Survival and growth of Cochlodinium polykrikoides red tide after addition of yellow loess. Journal of Environmental Biology2009, 30(6):929-932.[PHYTO-PAM]
16.Marchetti A, Parker MS, Moccia LP, Lin EO, Arrieta AL, Ribalet F, Murphy MEP, Maldonado MT, Armbrust EV: Ferritin is used for iron storage in bloom-forming marine pennate diatoms. Nature2009, 457:467-470.[PHYTO-PAM]
17.Morin S, Pesce S, Tlili A, Coste M, Montuelle B: Recovery potential of periphytic communities in a river impacted by a vineyard watershed Ecological Indicators2009, 10(2):419-426.[PHYTO-PAM]
18.Nymark M, Valle KC, Brembu T, Hancke K, Winge P, Andresen K, Johnsen G, Bones AM: An Integrated Analysis of Molecular Acclimation to High Light in the Marine Diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum. PLoS ONE2009, 4(11):e7743. doi:7710.1371/journal.pone.0007743.[PHYTO-PAM]
19.Pesce S, Margoum C, Montuelle B: In situ relationships between spatio-temporal variations in diuron concentrations and phototrophic biofilm tolerance in a contaminated river. Water Research2009, 44(6):1941-1949.[PHYTO-PAM]
20.Serra A, Corcoll N, Guasch H: Copper accumulation and toxicity in fluvial periphyton: The influence of exposure history Chemosphere2009, 74(5):633-641.[PHYTO-PAM]
21.Serra A, Guasch H: Effects of chronic copper exposure on fluvial systems: Linking structural and physiological changes of fluvial biofilms with the in-stream copper retention. Science of The Total Environment2009, 407(19):5274-5282.[PHYTO-PAM]
22.Serra A, Guasch H, Martí E, Geiszinger A: Measuring in-stream retention of copper by means of constant-rate additions Science of The Total Environment2009, 407(12):3847-3854.[PHYTO-PAM]
23.Shi S, Tang D, Liu Y: Effects of an Algicidal Bacterium Pseudomonas mendocina on the Growth and Antioxidant System of Aphanizomenon flos-aquae Current Microbiology2009, 59(2):107-112.[PHYTO-PAM]
24.Wu Z, Shi J, Li R: Comparative studies on photosynthesis and phosphate metabolism of Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii with Microcystis aeruginosa and Aphanizomenon flos-aquae Harmful Algae2009, 8(6):910-915.[PHYTO-PAM]
25.Yang Z, Kong F, Yang Z, Zhang M, Yu Y, Qian S: Benefits and costs of the grazer-induced colony formation in Microcystis aeruginosa. Ann Limnol - Int J Lim2009, 45(3):203-208.[PHYTO-PAM]
26.陳元, 趙洋甬, 潘雙葉, 徐運, 蔣蕾蕾: PHYTO-PAM對浮游植物中葉綠素的分類測定. 現代科學儀器2009(4):100-104.[PHYTO-PAM]
27.朱曉敏, 黃清輝, 李建華: 咸水藻水華期溶解有機質光譜特征變化的模擬. 中國環境科學2009, 29(1):68-72.[PHYTO-PAM]
28.Brussaard CPD, Timmermans KR, Uitz J, Veldhuis MJW: Virioplankton dynamics and virally induced phytoplankton lysis versus microzooplankton grazing southeast of the Kerguelen (Southern Ocean) Deep Sea Research2008, 55(5-7):752-765.[PHYTO-PAM]
29.Howeth JG, Leibold MA: Planktonic dispersal dampens temporal trophic cascades in pond metacommunities. Ecology Letters2008, 11(3):245-257.[PHYTO-PAM]
30.Ingleton T, Kobayashi T, Sanderson B, Patra R, Macinnis-Ng CMO, Hindmarsh B, Bowling LC: Investigations of the temporal variation of cyanobacterial and other phytoplanktonic cells at the offtake of a large reservoir, and their survival following passage through it. Hydrobiologia2008, 603(1):221-240.[PHYTO-PAM]
31.Schmitt-Jansen M, Altenburger R: Community-level microalgal toxicity assessment by multiwavelength-excitation PAM fluorometry Aquatic Toxicology2008, 86(1):49-58.[PHYTO-PAM]
32.Timmermans KR, Veldhuis MJW, Laan P, Brussaard CPD: Probing natural iron fertilization near the Kerguelen (Southern Ocean) using natural phytoplankton assemblages and diatom cultures. DeepSeaResearch2008, 55(5-7):693-705.[PHYTO-PAM]
33.Wang G, Chen K, Chen L, Hu C, Zhang D, Liu Y: The involvement of the antioxidant system in protection of desert cyanobacterium Nostoc sp. against UV-B radiation and the effects of exogenous antioxidants Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety2008, 69(1):150-157.[PHYTO-PAM]
34.Wu Z, Song L, Li R: Different tolerances and responses to low temperature and darkness between waterbloom forming cyanobacterium Microcystis and a green alga Scenedesmus Hydrobiologia2008, 596(1):47-55.[PHYTO-PAM]
35.Wu Z-X, Song L-R: Physiological comparison between colonial and unicellular forms of Microcystis aeruginosa Kutz. (Cyanobacteria). Phycologia2008, 47(1):98-104.[PHYTO-PAM]
36.Zhang M, Kong FX, Wu X, Xing P: Different photochemical responses of phytoplankters from the large shallow Taihu Lake of subtropical China in relation to light and mixing. In: Hydrobiologia. vol. 603; 2008: 267-278.
37.胡智泉, 劉永定, 肖波: 微囊藻毒素對幾種淡水微藻的生長和光合活性的影響. 生態環境2008, 17(3):885-890.[PHYTO-PAM]
38.康麗娟, 潘曉潔, 常鋒毅, 李敦, 沈銀武, 劉永定: HCO3-堿度增加對銅綠微囊藻光合活性和超微結構的影響. 武漢植物學研究2008, 26(1):70-75.[PHYTO-PAM]
39.康麗娟, 潘曉潔, 常鋒毅, 李敦海, 沈銀武, 劉永定: 堿度增加對蛋白核小球藻光合活性與胞外多糖的影響. 湖泊科學2008, 20(2):251-256.[PHYTO-PAM]
40.林燊, 彭欣, 吳忠興, 李仁輝: 我國水華藍藻的新類群——阿氏浮絲藻(Planktothrix agardhii)生理特性. 湖泊科學2008, 20(4):437-442.[PHYTO-PAM]
41.蘇彥平, 李敦海, 王坎, 劉永定: 念珠藻葛仙米生理生化特性對不同低溫脅迫的響應. 武漢植物學研究2008, 26(3):310-314.[PHYTO-PAM]
42.Alsterberg C, Sundbäck K, Larson F: Direct and indirect effects of an antifouling biocide on benthic microalgae and meiofauna Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology2007, 351(1-2):56-72.[PHYTO-PAM]
43.Dimier C, Corato F, Saviello G, Brunet C: Photophysiological properties of the marine picoeukaryotePicochlorum RCC237 (Trebouxiophyceae, Chlorophyta). Journal of Phycology2007, 43(2):275-283.[PHYTO-PAM]
44.Dimier C, Corato F, Tramontano F, Brunet C: Photoprotection and xanthophyll-cycle activity in three marine diatoms. Journal of Phycology2007, 43(5):937-947.[PHYTO-PAM]
45.Domis LNDS, Mooij WM, Huisman J: Climate-induced shifts in an experimental phytoplankton community: a mechanistic approach. Hydrobiologia2007, 584:403-413.[PHYTO-PAM]
46.Kim MK, Park JW, Park CS, Kim SJ, Jeune KH, Chang MU, Acreman J: Enhanced production of Scenedesmus spp. (green microalgae) using a new medium containing fermented swine wastewater. Bioresource Technology2007, 98(11):2220-2228.[PHYTO-PAM]
47.Schmitt-Jansen M, Altenburger R: The use of pulse-amplitude modulated (PAM) fluorescence-based methods to evaluate effects of herbicides in microalgal systems of different complexity Toxicological and Environmental Chemistry2007, 89(4):665-681.[PHYTO-PAM, WATER-PAM, MICROSCOPY-PAM]
48.Shen H, Song L-R: Comparative studies on physiological responses to phosphorus in two phenotypes of bloom-forming Microcystis. Hydrobiologia2007, 592:475-486.[PHYTO-PAM]
49.Tang D, Shi S, Li D, Hu C, Liu Y: Physiological and biochemical responses of Scytonema javanicum (cyanobacterium) to salt stress Journal of Arid Environments2007, 71(3):312-320.[PHYTO-PAM]
50.Wu Z-X, Gan N-Q, Huang Q, Song L-R: Response of Microcystis to copper stress - Do phenotypes of Microcystis make a difference in stress tolerance? Environmental Pollution2007, 147:324-330.[PHYTO-PAM]
51.Xing W, Huang W-M, Li D-H, Liu Y-D: Effects of Iron on Growth, Pigment Content, Photosystem II Efficiency, and Siderophores Production of Microcystis aeruginosa and Microcystis wesenbergii Current Microbiology2007, 55:94-98.[PHYTO-PAM]
52.Zhang M, Kong F, Xing P, Tan X: Effects of Interspecific Interactions between Microcystis aeruginosa and Chlorella pyrenoidosa on Their Growth and Physiology. International Review of Hydrobiology2007, 92(3):281-290.[PHYTO-PAM]
53.陳麗芬, 鄭鋒: 葉綠素熒光技術快速測定水體藻類生物量的應用. 城鎮供水2007(6):51-52.[PHYTO-PAM]
54.康麗娟, 劉永梅, 李敦海, 劉永定: 不同鹽度下水華束絲藻對CO2濃度倍增的生理響應. 水生生物學報2007, 31(5):671-674.[PHYTO-PAM]
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56.吳曉東, 孔繁翔, 曹煥生, 張民, 劉桂民, 趙巧華: 越冬浮游植物光合作用活性的原位研究. 湖泊科學2007, 19(2):139-145.[PHYTO-PAM]
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